Threats are one of the most fundamental problems of our modern societies that daily will affect citizens in urban SPACEs. This becomes more problematic when the people in their everyday living SPACEs encounter with behaviors that cause lack of security and should have been feel comfort and their families used these SPACEs freely. This causes many problems for citizens. In today cities because of the increasing growth in construction of residential complexes and high population density in a little area comfort with more problems and security is more important. So providing security in OUTDOOR and semi-OUTDOOR SPACEs of residential complexes is not exact scope and is very important. In this study using the analytical-descriptive method and library studies, the factors influencing the security of residential complexes in the form of a conceptual model investigated.

It is highly important to focus on environmental components and the human-environment relationship in architectural design. The literature has investigated various concepts affecting this relationship and its application in the architectural design process. One of the most influential concepts in this connection is the concept of affordance. Despite many studies conducted on the relationship between human and the environment, the concept of an environmental affordance in architecture and constructs affecting this concept in forming design guidelines have less received attention. This article aimed to investigate the significance of affordance in environmental design to examine the aspects of this concept and its structural relationship with the components of activity, fabric and meaning. For this, the article aimed to explain the affordances of OUTDOOR SPACEs (as building blocks constituting meaning) in the Ekbatan Residential Complex and presented a communication model of affordance components in design to examine the role of these components and their impacts on design. This study fell under quantitative and qualitative research and was an applied study. After data were collected and summarized, the article began to classify statistical data, which was performed by tabulating the frequency distribution of activities. Quantitative data of the questionnaires were then analyzed by the statistical-analytical SPSS software. In sum, the correlation relationship, effects and differences between the variables were measured. Another section of qualitative findings resulted from data extracted from semi-structured interviews and observations. Findings revealed that the concept of affordance played a major role in linking users and residential environments. This concept tends to focus on subjective-cognitive dimensions in children and adolescents, while stressing physical and activity aspects of SPACE affordances in adults and the elderly.

Determining the range of thermal comfort in the OUTDOOR SPACE is complicated, and since the presence of thermal comfort helps more people to be in the OUTDOOR SPACE, it is important. In the current research, it has been tried to determine the thermal comfort limit of people in the OUTDOOR SPACE of traditional and restored buildings in the hot and dry climate of Yazd city. For this purpose, a field monitoring was carried out in the hot season of the five central courtyards of the Yazd faculty of Art and Architecture as buildings that have been changed from residential to educational use, which includes the measurement of climatic information at the same time as the completion of 389 thermal comfort questionnaires by the students of the faculty; Then, with the help of Ray Man and SPSS software, the obtained information was analyzed and after checking the linear regression charts, the range of thermal comfort for people in the central courtyards of the faculty as a microclimate in the hot and dry area of ​​Yazd city between the range of 16.5-28 degrees Celsius based on the Physiologically Equivalent Temperature index (PET) was obtained. Due to the fact that the combination of climatic and geographical factors for each specific region will lead to a different understanding of the thermal comfort conditions for the people of that community, this comfort range is different from the comfort ranges in other regions that have been determined in numerous researches. From the comparison of the studied yards, it was found that the more the yard has a height-to-width ratio and the more enclosed it is, the more shade it will receive and, finally,more thermal comfort during the day and night for the hot days of the year.

Nannochloropsis oculata is an important microalgae that is valuable for hatching of marine fishes and culture of rotifer that has many applicants in marine fishes hatchery of Imam Khomeini. Our purpose was determination of growth dynamic of this microalgae in two different conditions. The study of density increasing in indoor (stock) shows that diagram of density for this species is the same as other researches but phases take a longer time. In OUTDOOR cultures at low temperature condition ( lower than optimum temperature for microalgae culture) duration of growth dynamic also take a longer time than optimum condition. Our study confirmed that this microalgae species can be cultured at winter in south of Iran (Bandar Imam Khomeini- Khozestan) is possible but in a longer period. Also, the optimum time for harvesting this microalgae cultures of conditions were studied.

It is henceforth a commonplace; the science-fiction would be a refractory genre by nature against the definitive assimilation to the literary mainstream. We can say that the usual thematic of the genre, to which is added the irresistible propensity to prospect the future in all its forms, immunizes the SF against the “academic confinement” to the benefit of other forms of confinement. Indeed, the SF belongs to the great family of the paraliterature where the more or less listed subgenres are waiting to receive a likely definition. Popular genre which relies on a remarkable poetic, the SF is an open place to the imagination, to the verbal and the figurative creativity. It owns itself its subgenres, among other things, the SPACE opera which was, in a way, the original matrix of the speculative fiction and of its contemporary imitators. The Sternberg’s work did not have a special vocation to feed the already rich world of the science-fiction. It constitutes however a new step liable to bring a touch of self-reflexivity, we will notice that, to the history of this genre. French: “Le Navigateur” de Jacques Sternberg ou la phylogenese parodiee du SPACE opera C’est dorenavant un lieu commun, la science-fiction serait un genre par nature refractaire a l’assimilation definitive au mainstream litteraire. Nous dirons que les thematiques habituelles du genre, auxquelles viennent se meler l’irresistible propension a prospecter l’avenir sous toutes ses formes, immunisent la SF contre “l’enfermement academique” au profit d’un enfermement d’un autre genre. En effet, celle-ci appartient, comme on le sait, a la grande famille de la paralitterature ou se cotoient les sous-genres plus ou moins repertories en attente de recevoir un semblant de definition. Genre populaire s’appuyant sur une poetique singuliere, la SF est un lieu ouvert a l’imagination, a la creativite verbale et figurative. Elle possede elle-meme ses sous-genres, entre autres, le SPACE opera qui fut en quelque sorte la matrice originelle de la fiction speculative et de ses emules contemporaines. L’oeuvre sternbergienne n’eut guere pour vocation de nourrir le repertoire deja riche de la science-fiction. Elle constitue neanmoins une etape non repertoriee susceptible d’apporter, nous le constaterons, une touche d’auto-reflexivite a l’histoire du genre.Keywords: Jacques Sternberg, Nouvelle, Science-Fiction, SPACE Opera, Aventure, Fiction Speculative